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1.
International Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism ; 21(2) (no pagination), 2023.
Article in English | EMBASE | ID: covidwho-2317868

ABSTRACT

Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has spread quickly. Comorbidities, such as diabetes, have been determined as critical risk factors for COVID-19. Objective(s): This study aimed to determine the frequency and severity of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) in children before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Method(s): This retrospective study examined children aged less than 18 years diagnosed with DKA hospitalized in Yazd Shahid Sadoughi Hospital from February 20, 2020, to November 21, 2021. The collected information was compared to those obtained during the same period in 2019 (pre-pandemic). According to the inclusion criteria, only children with suspected symptoms of COVID-19 or an infected family member underwent PCR. Result(s): The study included 70 children with confirmed DKA during the COVID-19 pandemic and 33 children hospitalized during the pre-pandemic period. The findings showed that the rate of DKA was higher during the pandemic than in the pre-pandemic period. In the DKA subgroups (during the COVID-19 pandemic vs. pre-pandemic), 35.7% vs. 21.2% were severe, 37.1% vs. 36.4% were moderate, and 27.1% vs. 42.4% were mild. Of 70 children, 30 underwent PCR tests for COVID-19, showing six positive cases. Among positive cases, five had mild symptoms, while one was hospitalized with signs of respiratory distress, polyuria, and polydipsia. All physical examinations of this patient were normal, except for the chest exam. Conclusion(s): A remarkable increase was observed in the frequency and severity of DKA in children during the pandemic.Copyright © 2023, International Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits copy and redistribute the material just in noncommercial usages, provided the original work is properly cited.

2.
International Journal of Pediatrics-Mashhad ; 11(2):17438-17442, 2023.
Article in English | Web of Science | ID: covidwho-2309201

ABSTRACT

Background: Epiglottitis is an inflammatory disease involving the epiglottis, vallecula, arytenoid cartilage, and aryepiglottic wrinkles. Acute epiglottitis is relatively rare, but it can quickly lead to a life-threatening airway obstruction. Diagnosis of epiglottitis is clinical, but radiography and direct vision of the epiglottis can also help with the diagnosis. Clinical manifestations of epiglottitis include fever, sore throat, and in the event of imminent airway obstruction, symptoms of muffled sound, falls, tripod position, and stridor might be presented as well. Epiglottitis can be caused by some bacterial agents or viruses such as adenovirus and measles. COVID-19 was first detected in December 2019 in a group of patients with severe respiratory symptoms in Hubei Province, China. Common symptoms include fever, cough, fatigue, difficulty breathing, and loss of smell and taste. Although COVID-19 disease has a variety of manifestations, only one case of epiglottitis following COVID-19 disease has been reported in adults. However, no cases of epiglottitis have been reported in children with COVID-19.Case presentation: The patient, a 4-year-old boy, came to our center and the patient's family complained about shortness of breath and progressive lethargy of the child from 10 days ago. Since last week, he had been sleeping in a sitting position due to the aggravation of shortness of breath. On physical examination, respiratory distress, tachypnea, subcostal retraction, tail stridor, and crackle was heard in both lungs. Diagnosed with suspected bronchoscopy epiglottitis;and a large, swollen, and cherry-red epiglottis was observed. Based on the patient's history of respiratory symptoms and the prevalence of COVID-19, a reverse pharyngeal polymerase (RT-PCR) transcript test was requested for COVID-19 and the COVID-19 infection was positive. The patient was intubated due to decreased oxygen scorching and was treated with antibiotics due to the diagnosis of epiglottitis and recovered.Conclusion: In this article, we reported the case of a 4-year-old child with epiglottitis in the context of COVID19. To the best of our knowledge, no case of epiglottitis had been, previously, reported in children with COVID19. Therefore, in our opinion, epiglottitis can probably be one of the manifestations of COVID19 in children.

3.
Journal of Health Sciences and Surveillance System ; 11(1 S):156-163, 2023.
Article in English | Scopus | ID: covidwho-2300142

ABSTRACT

Background: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can be transmitted through direct, indirect, or close contact with infected people by contaminated respiratory droplets or saliva. This study aimed to investigate the epidemiology of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and the secondary attack rate (SAR) in the cases' close contact. Methods: A total of 431 confirmed COVID-19 patients were randomly selected using systematic random sampling from 15 May to 13 June 2020. The required data were extracted from the CORONALAB database of the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) at Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. Detection of COVID-19 was performed using Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) and nasopharyngeal swabs. SAR was also calculated for different groups. Results: Among the index cases, 64.27% were male, 24.80% were public sector employees, and 4.87% were admitted to the intensive care unit. In addition, most of them aged 30-39 years. The SAR was 11.56% (95% CI: 9.86% to 13.25%) in the close contacts. Accordingly, the highest SAR was observed among the friends, 19.05% (95% CI: 7.17% to 30.92%), followed by the spouses of COVID-19 cases, 16.67% (95% CI: 10.81% to 22.51%). Furthermore, diabetes (6.03%) and cardiovascular disease (5.1%) were the most common comorbidities among the index cases. Conclusion: The findings suggested that the SAR was relatively lower among the close contacts. Considering the familial and non-familial relationships between the index cases and their close contacts were the major causes of disease transmission. Therefore, it is crucial to conduct tracing for COVID-19 contacts in all cases with whom patients have had close contact. © 2023 Authors. All rights reserved.

4.
Trends in Immunotherapy ; 6(2):64-81, 2022.
Article in English | Scopus | ID: covidwho-2205285

ABSTRACT

The emerging COVID-19 caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been raised as a global health challenge. Despite the breakthrough in the development of the COVID-19 vac-cine, it still continues as a serious crisis, worldwide. The aberrant immune responses are strongly associated with the severity of the disease and an increased rate of morbidity and mortality among COVID-19 patients. The complement cascade activation is mediated by classical, lectin, and alternative pathways which could induce an inflammatory state during the COVID-19 infection. The growing body of research suggests that complement system activation plays an important role in the immunopathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2. Therefore, the blockade of complement cascades may be an effective approach to prevent the multi-organ complications of COVID-19. In this review, we will highlight the role of the complement system in the immunopathology of COVID-19, emphasizing the potential therapeutical targets to ameliorate COVID-19 infection. © 2022 Gilda Parsamanesh, et al.

5.
Journal of Industrial Textiles ; 52, 2022.
Article in English | Scopus | ID: covidwho-2195287

ABSTRACT

Particulate matter and spread of viruses, including COVID-19 caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), are two of the most serious problems because of their significant threat to human health. Here, we fabricate ultrafine and bimodal structured polyamide-6 nanofiber/nets (PA-6 NFN) membrane via one-step electrospinning/netting. The PA-6 NFN membranes include ultrafine (∼70 nm) nanofibers and two-dimensional (2D) ultrathin (∼20 nm) nanonets. These membranes are optimized by facilely regulating the solution concentration, incomplete phase separation by adding NaCl, and also applying a high voltage of 22 kV. With integrated properties of small pore size, high porosity, high specific surface area of 108.8 m2/g, and robust tensile strength of 13.70 MPa, the resultant PA-6 NFN membranes exhibit high filtration efficiency of 99.11%, low pressure drop of 81 Pa, and higher quality factor compared to the two standard commercial masks which consist of three-ply surgical mask and respirator face mask. It can include bacteria, fungi, and also viruses including SARS-CoV-2 (with a diameter of about 100 nm). Additionally, after 24 h of operation of the filtration process in a simulated living environment, the obtained air filter still displayed a high filtration efficiency and a less variation pressure drop that shows the long-term performance of PA-6 NFN membranes. In addition, the R2 value was 0.99, which indicates that the calculation results are in good agreement with the measured results. The fabrication of PA-6 NFN membrane makes it a promising candidate for PM0.3 governance at applications including face mask, protective clothing, clean room, and engine intake. © The Author(s) 2022.

6.
Research and Practice in Thrombosis and Haemostasis Conference ; 6(Supplement 1), 2022.
Article in English | EMBASE | ID: covidwho-2128186

ABSTRACT

Background: There are limited data regarding safety of Sinopharm vaccine in patients with congenital bleeding disorders (CBD). The guidance published by World federation of hemophilia mainly recommends prophylaxis therapy in hemophilia patients with factor activity below 10% before getting vaccinated. Aim(s): To evaluate side effects of Sinopharm vaccine in patients with CBD. Method(s): A total of 93 patients including 75 males and 18 females who filled the consent form, participated in this historical cohort study. A questionnaire was designed to report any experienced side effects. In case of continuing feel of discomfort at the injection site, it was recommended to administration of coagulation factor concentrate. Result(s): The mean age of the patients was 37 +/- 12.8 (18-78) years. The type of bleeding disorders is shown on table 1. The disease severity was mild in 41.9%, moderate in 8.9%, and severe in 41.9% of the patients. About 65% of patients had coagulation factor activity less than 10%. Comorbidities were seen in 7 patients. The most common reported side effects were headache (6.6%), feeling weakness (5.5%) and body pain (4.4%). Two patients (2.1%) experienced hematoma following vaccination in injection site, one severe hemophilia A patient who recovered without any treatment. Another one was a severe hemophilia B who received Factor concentrate resulted in disappearing hematoma. Conclusion(s): No safety concerns were detected in patients who received two doses of Sinopharm vaccine. Moreover, our results showed that it seems vaccination is safe in patients with factor activity less than 10% without giving prophylaxis. This issue is important due to the limited access to coagulation factors in developing countries. (Table Presented).

7.
Research and Practice in Thrombosis and Haemostasis Conference ; 6(Supplement 1), 2022.
Article in English | EMBASE | ID: covidwho-2128185

ABSTRACT

Background: Background The SARS-CoV- 2 infection has been associated with a potentially severe inflammatory reaction, endothelial damage, and coagulation cascade activation that cause thrombosis. There is limited information on the thrombosis and anticoagulant therapy in children with COVID-19 and no design pediatric-specific recommendations for thromboprophylaxis in COVID-19 are available. Aim(s): This study aims to evaluate the outcome of thromboprophylaxis in children less than 18-year- old with COVID-19 infection. Method(s): A retrospective study was conducted on 184 pediatric patients with confirmed COVID-19 infection in southern Iran. A designed questionnaire was made to collect all demographic, clinical, and laboratory data. According to World Health Organization, the patients were classified as asymptomatic/mild, moderate, severe, and critically ill. Result(s): The mean age of the patients was 7.04 +/- 5.9 (1 week to < 18 years), 96 boys and 88 girls. Overall, 33 patients received anticoagulant therapy. The median of D-dimer was insignificantly higher in patients taking anticoagulant therapy compared to another group. (P = 0.133). All variables were comparable between the two groups. The mortality rate was non-significantly higher in patients who were not treated with anticoagulants (14%) compared to the thromboprophylaxis group (9%) (P = 0.567). In the critical group, two patients were complicated with disseminated intravascular coagulation (2.56%), one patient (1.28%) with deep vein thrombosis despite taking thromboprophylaxis, and one (1.28%) with pulmonary thromboembolism while the patient did not take anticoagulant during hospital admission Table 1). Conclusion(s): Our data showed a lower rate of thrombosis (1.4% in moderate to severe/critically ill patients) than adult patients with COVID-19 infection. Moreover, higher mortality rate was observed in patients without anticoagulant therapy, though statistically not significant. It may underline the role of anticoagulants in moderate to severe/critically ill children with COVID-19 infection. Expert opinion and personal experience are necessary, while we have a significant knowledge gap in understanding COVID-19- associated coagulopathy and thrombotic risk in children. (Table Presented).

8.
Theory and Practice of Second Language Acquisition ; 8(2), 2022.
Article in English | Scopus | ID: covidwho-2026514

ABSTRACT

With the quick transition to online teaching during the COVID-19 pandemic, it is vital to take the recent development in language teaching methodology into consideration, especially the pedagogical utility of new models of English for Academic purposes (EAP). Accordingly, the main objective of the present study was to investigate the efficacy of the adjunct model in improving the overall reading comprehension skills of Iranian architecture students in online EAP courses. To this end, from the population of students studying architecture at the Isfahan University of Art, three intact classes, each with 35 sophomore students were selected. While the first class was taught by a language teacher (the Language-driven Group) and the second class received instruction from a content teacher (the Content-driven Group), the third class was taught by applying the adjunct model involving both content and language teachers. At the end of the semester, a reading comprehension test was administrated to all students. The analysis of the data through running a one-way ANOVA and post hoc analysis revealed that the students in the adjunct class outperformed their peers in the other two classes on the reading comprehension test. © 2022 University of Silesia Press in Katowice. All rights reserved.

10.
Turk Onkoloji Dergisi-Turkish Journal of Oncology ; : 361-369, 2022.
Article in English | Web of Science | ID: covidwho-1897064

ABSTRACT

The extensive spread of COVID-19 all over the world has worried everyone. This pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, which has an envelope and is a positive-sense RNA. The virus causes mild-to-severe signs and symptoms in the patients. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between this virus and oxidative stress, which can worsen the conditions of cancer patients through some pivotal pathways. We utilize some international databases using keywords;COVID-19, neoplasm, and reactive oxygen species, and could attain interesting information about neoplasm, COVID-19, and oxidative stress. Based on the research, COVID-19 can induce some crucial routes, such as hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1 alpha) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-kappa B) pathways through overproduction of ROS. Although not proven, it is hypothesized that COVID-19 may enhance oxidative stress by inducing ROS-activated HIF-1 alpha and NF-kappa B pathways in the cell, which subsequently can have a lot of disturbing effects on the body, and exacerbate the conditions of cancer patients. To conclude, understanding the precise molecular and cellular mechanisms of ROS-dependent HIF-1 alpha and NF-kappa B pathways in the pathogenesis of COVID-19 can identify greater therapeutic and management strategies for COVID-19-infected cancer patients.

11.
Computer Applications in Engineering Education ; : 14, 2022.
Article in English | Web of Science | ID: covidwho-1866510

ABSTRACT

Practical study such as laboratory activity helps students to learn about engineering technical courses. New electronic technologies and the Internet of Things allow students and researchers to do experiments remotely. During quarantine due to pandemics such as Covid-19 or when researchers and students are not present in the university, remote laboratories are used as a complementary teaching feature. In these conditions, the remote laboratories also allow the development of experimental-based research. This paper presents the design and development of a remote interactive laboratory for the teaching and practical learning of DC machines at Technical and Vocational University. This laboratory is designed using the Arduino board to make a data acquisition card and actuator controller. Also, LabVIEW is used, which is remotely controlled based on the Internet and allows students to observe and perform experiments related to the DC machines course anywhere and anytime. In this laboratory, to better adapt to the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology criteria, the principle of teamwork to perform the experiments and achieve the final result has been considered. The case study results of a remote laboratory in Mohajer Faculty present the students' understanding and satisfaction in obtaining the required scientific competencies from the proposed laboratory.

12.
Resources Policy ; : 102602, 2022.
Article in English | ScienceDirect | ID: covidwho-1692922

ABSTRACT

The main aim of this paper is to investigate the influence of global oil and gold prices on the Iran stock market during the Covid-19 pandemic. The approach used in this study is the quantile regression method and the effective parameters on the stock price index in the deciles of 0.1–0.9 were studied. The daily data from February 20, 2020 until January 30, 2021 were used in order to achieve the purposes aforementioned. The results showed that there is not a significant relationship between the global gold price and the stock price Iran stock exchange index. In addition, in all studied deciles, there is a negative and significant relationship between OPEC oil prices and the Tehran Stock Exchange index. Therefore, it is necessary for investors and policymakers to consider the impact of changes in these variables on stock returns.

13.
Reviews in Medical Microbiology ; 33(1):E161-E179, 2022.
Article in English | Web of Science | ID: covidwho-1583946

ABSTRACT

Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in December 2019 in Wuhan province, China. SARS-CoV-2 causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) has an essential role as a receptor in the entry of the SARS-CoV-2 into the host cells. It has been declared, ACE2 expresses in the lungs, heart, kidneys, placenta, and liver. This study reviews the liver's markers' characteristics in patients with COVID-19 to achieve novel insights in improving clinical treatment. Liver disease and chronic kidney disease patients are susceptible to COVID-19. There is limited information about the effects of SARS-COV-2 on patients with preexisting liver associated disorders, including chronic hepatitis B virus or hepatitis C virus, primary biliary cirrhosis, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and more are yet to be understood. By considering conducted studies in this manner since ACE2 receptors, which are the primary receptors for SRAS-CoV-2, exist on the liver and lungs, heart, kidneys, and placenta, SRAS-CoV-2 can infect liver cells too. Consequently, this infection will have resulted in liver function tests' escalated levels and total bilirubin as biochemical biomarkers. Further investigations need to be done to point out the hepatic manifestations of COVID-19's infected patients with chronic liver disease and improve clinical management and more stringent preventive measures for this type of infected patients. Copyright (C) 2021 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.

14.
Traditional and Integrative Medicine ; 6(3):193-203, 2021.
Article in English | Scopus | ID: covidwho-1502958

ABSTRACT

The COVID-19 disease started in December 2019 in Wuhan, China, and spread across the world, including the Islamic Republic of Iran. Due to the high prevalence of this disease, it resulted in worry in many people and has led to several unnecessary visits to medical centers which may have increased the risk of infection. Preventive measures are necessary to control outbreaks and decrease disease burdens. Telemedicine such as telephone consultation is an efficient and safe platform to control disease in times of infectious epidemics by reducing the communication between people and the presence of non-infected people in medical centers. Iranian traditional medicine (ITM) as integrated medicine, is a collection of scientific principles and methods for the prevention and treatment of disease. The Nobaan's telephone consultation system was set up by ITM specialists to provide consultations for COVID-19. A total of 43 ITM physicians have been consulting health seekers every day from 6:00 a.m. to 12:00 p.m. based on national guidelines for COVID-19 and a specialized guide from academic resources of ITM. From 18 March to 17 April 2020, the doctors received a total of 2778 calls and provided a total of 11221 minutes of consultation. In total, 50% of physicians answered more than 90% of the calls and the average length of each call was 4.5 minutes. Finally, it seems except few limitations compared with face to face patient visit, this newly consultation by ITM specialist may provide considerable help to prevent and manage COVID-19 outbreak in Iran. © 2021 Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Published by Tehran University of Medical Sciences.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/). Noncommercial uses of the work are permitted, provided the original work is properly cited.

15.
Frontiers in Emergency Medicine ; 5(4), 2021.
Article in English | Scopus | ID: covidwho-1404170

ABSTRACT

Introduction: To date, little is known about the clinical features of pediatric COVID-19 patients admitted to intensive care units (ICUs). Objective: Herein, we aimed to describe the differences in demographic characteristics, laboratory findings, clinical presentations, and outcomes of Iranian pediatric COVID-19 patients admitted to ICU versus those in non-ICU settings. Methods: This multicenter investigation involved 15 general and pediatrics hospitals and included cases with confirmed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection based on positive real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) admitted to these centers between March and May 2020, during the initial peak of the COVID-19 pandemic in Iran. Results: Overall, 166 patients were included, 61 (36.7%) of whom required ICU admission. The highest number of admitted cases to ICU were in the age group of 1–5 years old. Malignancy and heart diseases were the most frequent underlying conditions. Dyspnea was the major symptom for ICU-admitted patients. There were significant decreases in PH, HCO3 and base excess, as well as increases in creatinine, creatine phosphokinase (CPK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and potassium levels between ICU-admitted and non-ICU patients. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), shock, and acute cardiac injury were the most common features among ICU-admitted patients. The mortality rate in the ICU-admitted patients was substantially higher than non-ICU cases (45.9% vs. 1.9%, respectively;p<0.001). Conclusions: Underlying diseases were the major risk factors for the increased ICU admissions and mortality rates in pediatric COVID-19 patients. There were few paraclinical parameters that could differentiate between pediatrics in terms of prognosis and serious outcomes of COVID-19. Healthcare providers should consider children as a high-risk group, especially those with underlying medical conditions. © 2021 Tehran University of Medical Sciences.

16.
Health Biotechnology and Biopharma ; 4(4):16-31, 2021.
Article in English | Scopus | ID: covidwho-1291191

ABSTRACT

The COVID-19 virus is a subgroup of zoonotic viruses. The most terrible problem started when the number of infected patients with acute respiratory syndrome quickly spread around the world, which made it as a global pandemic. This novel virus could transmitted from person to person via infected droplet entering the respiratory system whether nasal or oral cavity. Close contact less than 6 feet, with infected individuals particularly in crowded environments has characterized the rapid spread of the infection. Clinical signs of the COVID-19 infection have mentioned the presence of some ocular findings such as conjunctival congestion, conjunctivitis and even corneal injury associated with the classical COVID-19 infection. In this review, we showed that different viruses could be and transmitted by tear fluid which encourage us to search regarding to this potential in COVID-19 virus. Copyright © 2021, Health Biotechnology and Biopharma. All rights reserved.

17.
Advances in Human Biology ; 11(1):26-43, 2021.
Article in English | Web of Science | ID: covidwho-1150830

ABSTRACT

Novel coronavirus outbreak in December 2019 leads to current pandemic condition worldwide. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 known as the aetiologic agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The major characterisation of COVID-19 is to involve lung and induce pneumonia, multiorgan failure, hypoxia and deat h. This systematic literature review aimed to assess the clinical manifestation and laboratory and radiologic features in patients with COVID-19. A literature review of the indexed articles in the Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus and Embase was performed to evaluate pathophysiology of COVID-19. Between 77,406 assessed COVID-19 patients, the most reported background diseases were cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease. After fever, cough was the second most common repeated clinical feature. Furthermore, the laboratory investigations reveal that the C-reactive protein (CRP) increasing is the most common frequent laboratory finding. Chest imaging assessment indicates that bilateral involvement of the lungs is more common than unilateral involvement. Despite the fact that some of the COVID-19-infected patients are asymptomatic, the majority of patients showed a broad range of manifestation. The clinical findings help in better understanding of COVID-19 pathogenesis and patient's management. The primary concept of understanding of COVID-19 pathophysiology is necessary for reach to target therapeutics approach. According to the results, further in vivo investigations on animal models could be recommended for the treatment of COVID-19 patients in future.

18.
Journal of Applied Biotechnology Reports ; 7(2):63-73, 2020.
Article in English | Scopus | ID: covidwho-825423

ABSTRACT

While the world has faced an epidemic disease resulted from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), a disease which has derived from a new coronavirus that has a high contagious power causing severe illness in some individuals that may even lead to death, no vaccine or special effective treatment has been offered yet. By noticing the genetic similarity between Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS) and SARS-CoV viruses with SARS-CoV-2 and especially between SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2, the aim of this research was to express the proteins of the SARS-CoV-2 virus including the spike (S), nucleocapsid (N) and other proteins in the virus and their function in entering host cells, virus replication and production on one hand, and developing possible drugs that are effective in treating this coronavirus infection by targeting the above-mentioned proteins. On the other hand, the researchers are looking to offer a possible vaccine to prevent infection with this virus by using the proteins of this virus. © 2020 The Author(s).

19.
Journal of Military Medicine ; 22(2):147-160, 2020.
Article in Persian | Scopus | ID: covidwho-824892

ABSTRACT

Coronaviruses belong to the Coronaviridae family and three SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 pathogens are found in this family, all of which cause respiratory disorders in human beings. SARS-CoV-2 is a RNA virus of approximately 160-80 nm in size and genomic size of approximately 27-35 kb which causes COVID-19. Symptoms of COVID-19 include fever, dry cough, fatigue and muscle weakness, shortness of breath, sputum, headache, diarrhea and muscle inflammation. It causes death in the elderly, people with hypertension, a history of cardiovascular diseases, people with diabetes, cancer, impaired immune system, transplanted, and all people with immunocompromised weakness. Various studies have shown that three major events are respiratory disorders, lymphocytopenia, and cytokine storm as SARS-CoV-2 is transmitted through the ACE-2 receptor on the surface of alveolar type 2 lung cells;in which case, pneumonia, loss of lung function, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), shock and even death occur because of the failure in the adjustment of inflammatory responses from immune system and proliferation of cytokines. As the virus enters the cells, receptors of intrinsic immune system-TLR3, TLR7 (endosomal receptors) and RIG-I and MDA-5 (cytosolic receptors) detects the RNA of the virus. Involvement of the receptors ends up with the production of different types of cytokines such as type I interferons and inflammation. In respect of acquired cellular immune system of Th1, Th2, and Th17 lymphocytes with cytokine production, the lymphocytes T CD8+ (CTL) play their part by producing perforin, granzyme and cytokine. Humoral-acquired immune activity can be determined in most patients by producing IgM (9 days after disease onset) and IgG (two weeks after disease onset). SARS-CoV-2 makes use of mechanisms such as disruption in the production of type I interferons, reduction of MHC-I, MHC-II expression, and increase of Tim-3 and PD-1 expression on the surface of CTL cells (T cell exhaustion) in order to evade the immune system. In this paper, we present a review of the most recent data on the immunopathogenic mechanisms of the infection with respiratory viruses, especially SARS-CoV-2. © 2020 Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences. All rights reserved.

20.
Annals of Oncology ; 31:S1006, 2020.
Article in English | EMBASE | ID: covidwho-804203

ABSTRACT

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has dramatically changed the Health Care System organization in many European countries. Many Oncology departments have rapidly implemented telehealth in their clinical practice. For breast cancer (BC) patients (pts), up to 80% of all in-person visits have been transformed in TV. Methods: 18 centers from France and Italy invited all BC pts who have had at least one TV (Visio conference or telephone) during the COVID-19 pandemic to answer an online, anonym questionnaire (Q) ontheir experience with TV. Q included 42 questions: demographic data, BC medical situation, TSQ scale (telehealth specific Q), physician’s module of EORTC OUTPATSAT35 (11 SAT35), and HADS anxiety scale. The primary objective was to evaluate satisfaction with TV. Secondary objectives: anxiety, factors associated with satisfaction and description of satisfaction in pts’ subgroups. Results: Between 6/4/2020 and 15/05/2020, 1244 pts (out of 3762 invited) filled in the Q and were included in the analysis. Main characteristics and results are shown in the Table. Mean 11 SAT35: 85.21 and 77.41 for pts who had visio versus telephone TVs respectively. 11 SAT35 was highly correlated to HADS score (p < 0.001). Multivariate analyses will be presented. [Formula presented] Conclusions: TV during the COVID-pandemic appeared feasible and well accepted by BC pts regardless of their medical situation and mode of TV. Anxiety was high during this period, and correlated with satisfaction. These findings help identifying BC pts who may be proposed TV beyond the pandemic crisis. Legal entity responsible for the study: The authors. Funding: Has not received any funding. Disclosure: C. Levy: Honoraria (self): Pfizer;Honoraria (self), Travel/Accommodation/Expenses: Roche;Honoraria (self): MSD;Honoraria (self), Travel/Accommodation/Expenses: Lilly;Travel/Accommodation/Expenses: Daiichi. C. Uzan: Honoraria (self), Advisory/Consultancy: Roche. D. Genet: Advisory/Consultancy: AstraZeneca;Travel/Accommodation/Expenses: Roche;Amgen;Pfizer;Advisory/Consultancy, Travel/Accommodation/Expenses: Novartis. A. Patsouris: Travel/Accommodation/Expenses: Roche;Travel/Accommodation/Expenses: ESAI;Travel/Accommodation/Expenses: Pfizer;Honoraria (institution): Lily;Research grant/Funding (institution): ESAI. V.C. Dieras: Advisory/Consultancy, Travel/Accommodation/Expenses, and travel expenses and speaker: Roche;Novartis;Speaker Bureau/Expert testimony, Travel/Accommodation/Expenses, and travel expenses and speaker: Pfizer;Advisory/Consultancy, Travel/Accommodation/Expenses, and travel expenses and speaker: Lilly;AstraZeneca;Daiichi Sankyo;Advisory/Consultancy: Abbvie;MSD;Eisai. Speaker Bureau/Expert testimony: Seattle Genetics. J-Y. Pierga:Honoraria (self), Advisory/Consultancy, Research grant/Funding (self), Research grant/Funding (institution): Roche;Honoraria (self), Speaker Bureau/Expert testimony: Ipsen;Novartis;AstraZeneca;Amgen. S. Ladoire: Speaker Bureau/Expert testimony: Lilly;Speaker Bureau/Expert testimony, and Travel/Accommodation expense: Pfizer;BMS;Ipsen;Janssen Oncology;Sanofi;Speaker Bureau/Expert testimony: Roche;Speaker Bureau/Expert testimony, Research grant/Funding (institution): Novartis;Travel/Accommodation/Expenses: AstraZeneca;Travel/Accommodation/Expenses: Astellas Pharma. W. Jacot: Honoraria (self), Honoraria (institution), Research grant/Funding (institution), Travel/Accommodation/Expenses: AstraZeneca;Honoraria (self), Travel/Accommodation/Expenses: Eisai;Lilly France;Pfizer;Roche;Honoraria (self): MSD;Travel/Accommodation/Expenses: Novartis;Sanofi Aventis;GSK;Fabre;Chugai Pharma. S. Delaloge: Honoraria (institution), Research grant/Funding (institution), Travel/Accommodation/Expenses: AstraZeneca;Roche;Pfizer;Honoraria (institution), Research grant/Funding (institution): Sanofi;BMS;Honoraria (institution): Pierre Fabre;Puma;Lilly;Servier;Research grant/Funding (institution): Orion;MSD;Daichy. M. Lambertini: Advisory/Consultancy, Speaker Bureau/Expert testimony: Roche;Spe ker Bureau/Expert testimony: Takeda;Lilly;Theramex. B. Pistilli: Advisory/Consultancy: PUMA biotechnologies;Speaker Bureau/Expert testimony: Fabre;Novartis;Myriad genetics;Travel/Accommodation/Expenses: MSD oncology;Astra Zeneca;Novartis;Pfizer. All other authors have declared no conflicts of interest.

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